The Business Master (3rd Edition)

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######### #### #### #### #### #### #### tm #### #### ### #### #### ### #### #### ### ########### ####### #### ### #### ### #### ### #### ### CK A Program To Report On Your Income And Expenses CK Program and Manual Copyright 1985, 1987 by David M. Alexander NO WARRANTY THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND ON CK, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO NO WARRANTY OF FITNESS AND NO WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY. WHEN YOU USE CK, YOU USE IT AT YOUR OWN RISK. IF ANYTHING GOES WRONG, YOUR NUMBERS DON'T COME OUT RIGHT OR WHATEVER, IT IS YOUR RISK NOT MINE. IF YOU DON'T AGREE TO TAKE THIS RISK AND RELIEVE ME OF ANY LIABILITY, THEN DON'T USE CK. THIS PROGRAM "AS IS". AT THIS PRICE, IF ANYTHING GOES WRONG, THE RISK IS YOURS. IF ANY PART OF THE PROGRAM IS DEFECTIVE YOU, NOT I, ASSUME THE ENTIRE COST OF SERVICING OR REPAIR. No one has ever told me that CK did anything "bad" or gave the wrong numbers, but I don't want there to be a first time at my expense. -- David M. Alexander print by telling your word processor to print the file CK.DOC or by typing A>COPY CK.DOC LPT1: [return] CK is a Trade Mark of David M. Alexander MS DOS is a Trade Mark of Microsoft, Inc. This manual is copyrighted by David M. Alexander 1985, 1987, 1988 All of the programs beginning with the letters CK and referred to in this manual are copyrighted by David M. Alexander 1983. No part of this manual or these programs may be copied without the written permission of David M. Alexander. CK tm owned and written by David M. Alexander 2600 El Camino Real #506 Palo Alto, CA 94306 415-857-9233 NO WARRANTY -- There is no warranty of merchantibilty, fit- ness or any other warranty with this program. By using the programs, user assumes all risks of use. In short, if your numbers come out wrong, only you and not Alexander are at risk. Registration Fee: $25.00 i TABLE OF CONTENTS --- PAGE NUMBERS SECTION I -- BASIC INFORMATION * * * * * 1 - 6 (A) Overview Of The Program; (1 - 2) (B) Hardware Requirements; (3) (C) Why I Wrote This Program; (4 - 6) SECTION II -- GETTING READY TO RUN CK * * 7 - 16 (A) General Rules; ( 7 - 10) (B) Copying The Programs Onto Your Disks; (11 - 14) (C) All About The Main Menu; (15 - 16) ---- Shareware CK.DOC ends here --- SECTION III -- RUNNING CK THE 1ST TIME * 17 - 28 (A) Setting Up Your Income & Expense Codes; (17 - 19) Sample Set Up Session; (20 - 24) (B) Listing Your Checking Accounts; (25) Sample Listing Session; (26 - 28) SECTION IV -- EVERYDAY USE OF CK * * * * 29 - 81 (A) Entering Your Check Stubs & Deposits; (29 - 45) Printed Audit Trail --------------- 29 Which Account To Use -------------- 29 Biggest & Smallest Check Numbers -- 30 Add Data To New Or Old Report? ---- 30 Name Of File To Hold Data --------- 30 Beginning & Ending Dates ---------- 31 Erasing An Entry ------------------ 38 Data Entry Summary ---------------- 38 Reconciling With Bank Statement --- 38-45 Sample Entry Session; (46 - 52) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (B) Looking At Entries & Correcting Typos; (53) Sample Correcting Session; (54 - 58) (C) Creating Your Reports; (59 - 64) & Printing Checks Sample Report Creation Session; (65 - 68) (D) Year To Date Report Of Income & Expenses; (69 - 71) Sample Year To Date Session; (72 - 75) (E) How To Print Your Reports; (76 - 78) (F) Adding Several Files Together; (79) Sample Adding Session; (80 - 81) SECTION V -- PROGRAM DETAILS * * * * * * 82 - 89 (A) How CK Works; (82 - 85) (B) How To Break The Program; (86 - 89) iii READ THIS FIRST Before you do anything else, PRINT this manual. Next, before you do anything else, READ the manual. To use the program you: first, have to set up your income categories; second, you have to set up your checking account list; third, you have to enter income and expense data; fourth, you have to create your reports and fifth you have to print your reports. Codes for deposits always end in a slash, e.g. fees/ or salary/ or int/ for fee, salary or interest deposits. Codes for debits never end in a slash. Thus, RENT may be the code for rent you pay and RENT/ can be the code for rent you receive. The best way to print your reports is by telling your word processor to print the CK report disk file. Another way to print your reports is to type A>copy 1-93.CAT LPT1: to print the file 1-93.CAT. If you have a hard disk, put the CK programs in their own subdirectory and run the program from the hard disk. When entering data, if you are asked for a check number for an entry for which you have no real check number, e.g. a bank charge, bank interest, deposits (if your deposit slips are not numbered) just make up a number---9000, 9001, whatever. !! IMPORTANT !! If you don't already have one, you MUST create a file called CONFIG.SYS on your boot disk. Here's how: C:\> COPY CON: CONFIG.SYS FILES=20 BUFFERS=20 ^Z [CONTROL Z THEN RETURN] one file(s) copied C:\> Now, REBOOT (press Control And ALT and DEL keys all at once) your system so that DOS can read the CONFIG.SYS file. If your screen cannot be read, you may be using a Leading Edge with a monochrome screen or you may have a monochrome screen attached to a color monitor. Go to the section of the manual dealing with color setup and set the colors to Bright White (15) on Black (0). iv WHAT'S NEW Beginning with Ver. 3.14, CK will display your income and expense codes while you enter your check and deposit data. Now, if you have a code PHONE for telephone expenses and if you type: 45 phne, that is you make a typo, CK will notice the typo, will tell you that it did not find your code 'PHNE', and then it will print a list of your income and expense codes starting with the first code beginning with the letter "P". You can press return to cycle screen by screen through all of your codes or you can press escape (esc on most keyboards) to return to data entry. If you enter a code 20 YYY and you have no codes beginning with the letter "Y", CK will display your codes from the beginning. If your list of codes which appear in the input module when you enter an unknown code are not in alphabetical order, then you need to cause CK to create a new .ABV file. Here is how you do that: Press "E" on the main menu to display your Expense codes. When that module comes up on screen, press "D" to display your codes. Enter your expense code name, EXP or whatever. Your codes will appear on screen. Now, press "C" to change a code. Enter a number between 1 and 70, it is not important which one. "1" is fine. Press Return. Next, press "Q" to quit the module. CK will automatically create a new .ABV file. From now on your codes will appear alphabetically on the screen if you enter an unknown code in the enter checking account data module. Beginning with Ver. 3.17 I have added several features/changes. In the Enter Data Module (D on the Main Menu) I have simplified the mechanism to change an entry. Previously, if at the Name? line, the user would type /1 to go back to the first field, the check number. Now the user does not need to type a slash. You need only type 1 followed by a return and you will be given the chance to change the check number. If you type LOOK in the Data Entry module to look at a previous entry, you can additionally change the account number as well as all the other attributes. v The reconsile module now works a little differently. If you have broken a check or a deposit into several entries, for example 1500.1, 1500.2 and 1500.3 for three entries on deposit slip 1500, the reconsile module now adds all three up auto- matically, displays the total, and gives you the opportunity to individually review each of the three entries for accuracy. All of the menus have been modified for greater clarity. The menus listed in the body of the manual may no longer match the screen displays. For example, "X" is only used now to exit to DOS. Everywhere else, "Q" is used to Quit a portion of a module. Thus, you Q to Quit the reconsile menu and only X to Exit directly to DOS. Beginning with version 3.18 you can browse through your checks in the Look module. Press "L" at the main menu. Display some checks. Press "C" to change a check. Give the check number to change. When the check is displayed, a space bar will display the next check in your file. A "P" for Previous will display the previous check in your file. Also starting with Version 3.18, the reconsile portion of the Data Entry module will show you if you have listed the check as Cleared or Uncleared. Thus, you can "browse" through your list of checks indicating whether a check has cleared or not cleared, and you will be able to see how you answered that question the last time it was asked. Ver. 3.19 has several major improvements: (1) Entries with decimal points: If your last check was was 2000 and you press ENTER at the Check Number question, CK will automatically enter 2001 as the current check number. Sometimes you will break a check into pieces, for example, one check may cover principal, interest, taxes and insurance and you will want to break it into four different entries, say 2010.1, 2010.2, etc. If you have manually entered check number 2010.1, then the next time you get to the check number question, ENTER will automatically bring up 2010.2. If you are at 2010.9, ENTER will automatically bring up 2011.1. vi (2) Copying the amount and code: At most questions, pressing ENTER or RETURN will automatically copy the entry from the last check into this one. This does not happen at the Check Amount & Code question. If you want to duplicate your Check Amount & Code entry, you can now do so by pressing a "Control C" (C for Copy) while at the "Amount & Code" question. A "heart" symbol will appear on the screen. Press ENTER and the amount and code from your most recent entry will be copied into the current entry. (3) Tagging Entries: You may want to "tag" certain checks and deposits for copying to a separate file. For example, you may use the Group entry to classify all your checks or deposits as taxable, non-taxable, deductable and non-deductable. But, at the end of the year, you might want to create a separate file of all of your auto related expenses. To do this, you can type "D" at the Main Menu, call up the file of checks you wish to work with, and use the LOOK function to browse through the file of checks. Each time you see an auto related check, for example, insurance, gasoline, repairs, tires, etc., you can "Tag" that check to be copied to a separate file where it can be sorted into detailed reports. You "tag" an entry by calling up the Group question dealing with that check or deposit. You can go back to the Group question by typing "LOOK" then entering a check number (e.g. 2010). That check will be displayed and can be changed. Press "4" for the Group entry. Now press a Control T (T for Tag). A "paragraph" symbol will appear on screen. Press ENTER. The Group entry will now appear in inverse video. To untag, repeat the process. Use the space bar and "P" to browse forward and backward through your file, tagging checks and deposits as you go. When you quit the program, you will be asked for a file name to write the tagged entries to. If you press ENTER without giving a file name, tagged entries will be written to a file called "JUNK". If you give the name of an existing file, you will be prompted to add these tagged entries to the end of that old file. The file of tagged items which you create can be dealt with like any other CK file. It can be sorted, added, edited, etc. just like any other CK file which you created. When you quit the "Data Entry" module, all tags are automatically removed from your original file. 3.30 add a "point and shoot" list of your payee names. As you enter your names, you can add them to this list. Later, if you have added "Eisenhower, James" to the list, you can type "eis" ENTER and the cursor will rest on that name in the list. Press ENTER again and the entire name will be automatically added to your check. vii LISTING OF SELECTED ERROR MESSAGES Error #7: Out of Memory. Your file was too big to fit into the memory in your machine. Remove some memory resident programs and/or add more memory to your computer. Error #9: This may occur if a record in your CK data file has been "trashed" by your system. If strange garbage values get entered into one of the fields in the trashed record they can be out of range of what the program expects to see and thus may generate this error. If this happens go to your backup copy of your .CKD data file. Error #14: Similar to Error #7 above. Error #24: Device Time-out. Your computer has tried to send data to a printer port and did not receive an acknowledgement within the specified time. Try setting the DOS MODE command to ignore time-out errors. ( Example C:\DOS> MODE LPT1: 132,,P ). Error #25 or #27: Device Fault. This usually means that your printer ran out of paper or out of ribbon or was turned off. Essentially, it means that the printer told the computer that it could not continue to function. Error #57: Device I/O error. Again, a hardware problem has occurred usually in connection with communication with either a disk drive or a printer. Error #61: Disk full. Delete some files to make more room on the disk. Error #63: This error occurs when some of your data in a disk file has been trashed by your machine. The program expects to find a particular value in a file and the value is instead a zero because the record was damaged. This zero is unacceptable to the program and it generates a "bad record number" error. Use the back-up copy of your file. Error #67: Too many files open. Again, this will occur if you do not create a CONFIG.SYS file in the root directory which file contains FILES=20 and BUFFERS=20. Error #68: Hardware is unavailable. E.G., you tried to write to a printer on LPT2 and you don't have an LPT2. Error #71: Disk drive not ready. The drive door is open or there is no disk in the drive Error #72: Disk error. Something is wrong with the disk. It may have bad sectors or not be formatted or the like. viii Error 74: You have given the wrong disk drive letter for the location of your CK files. For example, if you have only drives A, B and C and you gave CK the letter D as the drive where your CK files would be stored, you would get this error. Solution: erase your file DISKDRVE. Then, when asked, give CK the proper disk drive letter. viii CREATING A SUBDIRECTORY ON YOUR HARD DISK INSTALLING CK A>C: [enter] C>cd \ [enter] C>prompt $p$g [enter] C:\>md ck [enter] C:\>cd ck [enter] C:\CK>copy a:*.* [enter] [copies all ck files on ck prog disk] C:\CK>ckzip [enter] [decompresses the ck program] Disk Drive To Store Your CK Files? C [enter] ix .RR L--!----!----!----!----!----!----!----!----!----!-------------R SECTION 1 WHAT'S IT ALL ABOUT? (A) OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM WHAT CK tm DOES Ck keeps track of all of the money that you receive and all of the money that you spend. You tell CK the money you spent and received, the category of expense, the date you spent it, who you paid it to, the check number, if you want, a narrative description of what it was for and a cross reference group, like "tax deductable". CK will prepare a report telling you (1) how much you spent on each item in your list of expenses and how much you received in every category of income. (2) how much you paid any person during any given month or quarter or year. (3) how much you spent and received on any given date; (4) what your balance was on every day during the period; (5) how much you spent all year on everything and how much you received all year from everyone. (6) how much you spent for any group of expenses like tax deductable automobile or all tax deductable expenses. CK prepares written reports arranging your income and expenses by check number date payee name amount category of income and expense cross reference group year to date summary stacked bar chart of income and expenses 1 Sec. 1 A Overview -- What CK Does CK can print checks directly on the printer. Each report can keep track of up to nine different checking accounts. Each report subtotals all the the checks and deposits in each category. If you want, you can add your monthly checks and deposits together into one big quarterly or annual file and can sort that file by payee name, expense category, amount, check number, cross reference or date, thus producing a complete, detailed breakdown of each check and each deposit for the entire year. CK labels each report entry to show which checking account, (e.g. General, Trust, Personal, etc) each check was written on. CK will prepare a "bar" chart of your income and expenses with dollars along the vertical axis and categories along the horizontal axis. These charts can be manipulated to produce an annual chart with dollars along the vertical axis and months along the horizontal axis. Each check takes up 53 bytes and each narrative descrip- tion takes up 64 bytes. ▓ ¡ 6 Sec. 2 A Getting Started -- General Rules SECTION 2 GETTING STARTED (A) BASIC ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN THIS MANUAL GENERAL RULES FOR USING YOUR COMPUTER WITH THIS PROGRAM It is probably a good idea to make clear some basic assumptions about how your computer works. I will put all of them here so that I don't have to repeat them in each chapter and so you don't have to re-read them in each chapter. First: CK doesn't care if you type in UPPER CASE or lower case. Except for the "Special Description" lines, CK automati- cally translates lower case entries to upper case. Therefore, all your file names, your disk drive designations, Y's and N's for YES and NO, category codes, payee names, everything except special descriptions, are always converted to upper case. If it is easier for you to type everything in lower case, please feel free to do so. Second: Throughout the manual I will tell you to press certain keys and I will give examples of things to type. I will give you these instructions by printing that letter within quotes. For example, if I want you to press a "P" I will say Press "P". Don't type the quotes, just the P. Third: The control key is usually at the lower left of the keyboard and is often labeled "CTRL". If I want you to hold down the control key and at the same time press a P, I will say: Type a control "P". If you are typing an entry and you make a mistake, press the backspace key and it will move the cursor backwards and erase. 7 Sec. 2 A Getting Started -- General Rules If you don't have a word processing program and you want to print your reports, you can copy the file to your printer. For example, C:\CK>COPY 1-93.CAT LPT1: will cause the file 1-93.CAT to be printer on your printer. If you have a hard disk, use the PROMPT command to be able to see what subdirectory you are in. For example: C>PROMPT $P$G [ENTER] C\WP51> If you have a hard disk, create a subdirectory called CK and put all your check files into it. At the C:\> type: C:\>MD CK [ENTER] C:\>CD \CK C:\CK> C:\CK>copy a:*.* [ENTER] C:\CK>CKZIP [enter] [this decompresses the files] C:\CK>CK [enter] [this runs the program] 8 Sec. 2 A Getting Started -- General Rules Every place in the program where you have to answer a question and your answer will always one character long like a Y or an N those are entered by just typing them. You don't have to press ENTER. Sometimes, the number of characters you will type cannot be known in advance by the program. For example, if you are asked for a file name, that name could be anywhere from one to eight characters long. In that case, you will have to type your answer and then press ENTER to let the program know that you have completed your entry and that it can now proceed. Filenames: CK allows you to pick your own file names for your data files. It is usually helpful to pick a name that describes your data. If you have a file of checks for the month of April 1993, then a good file name would be 4-93 or APRIL93. If these checks are only for your trust account then a good name would be TR4-93. The file name CANNOT be more than eight characters long (ABCDEFGH) and it CANNOT have a decimal point in it. For example ABC.DEF is not a legal file name in CK. You can't do this because CK automatically puts the extension .CKD after the name of every file of checks. Your file names CANNOT have slashes or backslashes in them because DOS uses these characters. If you include a slash in your file name, DOS you will generate an error. Also, Your file name CANNOT have SPACES in it! CK sees all money spent, that is all checks, as positive numbers and all money received, that is all deposits, as negative numbers. If you ever see a negative number as a check amount, that means that CK is treating that entry as a deposit. Codes for Deposits ALWAYS end in a slash, e.g., SAL/ for salary received. Last: If you want to sort a file but can't remember your file name, type in a garbage name in response to the file name question and CK will display your list of files. If the file you want is not on the list, Press ENTER. When in doubt, press ENTER. In most of the modules, ENTER to a question will return you to the previous question or to a menu which will allow you to leave the module. 9 - 11 Sec. 2 A Getting Started -- General Rules (B) TURNING ON YOUR MACHINE AND COPYING THE CK PROGRAMS For Hard Disk Computers If you have a hard disk, make a CK subdirectory, go to it, and type C:\CK>COPY A:*.* [RETURN] Next type: CKZIP [enter]. This decompresses the programs. To begin type C:\CK>CK [enter]. CK will begin with the Main Menu. 13 The program will immediately notice that it cannot find a file containing the letter of the drive which will hold your data disk. It will immediately ask you for the drive where you want to put your data disk. You may pick any letter from A to L. In our example, we would answer C. WARNING: Always keep a backup of your data disk. Disks do have a habit of dying. If yours gets its directory damaged it may not be salvageable. Every two or three months, it would be a good idea to copy your data disk onto your backup disk. You will now be returned to a menu which will allow you to set up your income and expense categories. Press "S" to set up your income and expense code name. Next, you set up your list of Checking Accounts (C on the Main Menu). Next, you enter your income and expense data. Last, sort your entries and prepare your reports. ABOUT COLOR The default colors are white letters (the foreground color) on a blue background. These colors can be changed by placing the numbers your alternate colors in the DISKDRVE file. Let me explain: each color has a number according to the list below: 0=Black; 1=Blue; 2=Green; 3=Cyan; 4=Red; 5=Magenta 6=Brown; 7=White; 8=Gray; 9=Light Blue; 10=Light Green 11=Light Cyan; 12=Light Red; 13=Light Magenta 14=Yellow 15=Bright White; 14 Thus, Bright white letters on a blue background (the default) would be 15 (bright white), 1 (blue); Blue letters on a white background would be 1 (blue 15 (bright white); You can add two lines of color numbers to your diskdrve file to tell CK that you want it to use the specified colors instead of white letters on a blue background. For example, if you wanted White letters on a Black background, your DISKDRVE file would look like this: C [DATA DRIVE NAME, DRIVE C] 15 [THE NUMBER FOR THE COLOR WHITE] 0 [THE NUMBER FOR THE COLOR BLACK] Don't type in the information in the brackets. That is just to explain the data to you. Here is how you could create a diskdrve version to put white letters on a black background: C:\CK>COPY CON: DISKDRVE [RETURN] C [RETURN] 15 [RETURN] 0 [RETURN] ^Z [CONTROL Z THEN RETURN] 1 file(s) copied The control Z means that you hold down the control key and press a Z at the same time. If you are happy with white on blue, YOU DON'T HAVE TO DO ANYTHING AT ALL TO DISKDRVE. JUST LEAVE IT ALONE AND YOU WILL GET WHITE ON BLUE. 15 Sec. 2 B - Getting Started -- Copying The Program (C) THE MAIN MENU EXPLAINED The Main Menu looks like this: Copyright David M. Alexander, 1984, 1987 For This Program And For ALL Programs Called From This Program Revision No. 3.30 March 11, 1993 **** MAIN MENU **** D DATA Entry From Your Check Stubs, L LOOK At A File Of Checks S SORT Your Checks & Create Reports Y YEAR TO DATE Reports R REPORT Information/Help P PRINT Checks On The Printer E EXPENSE Category Set up/Display C CHECKING Accts Set up/Display A ADD Several FILES Together X EXIT To The Operating System When you want to enter your checks and deposits into the program, you press D. When you want to review the checks you have entered or correct typo's or add or delete checks, press L. When you want to prepare reports, you will sort your checks by name, number, amount, etc. Press S. When you want to create a year to date report of your income and expenses, press Y. CK will display the Year To Date menu and give you the opportunity to erase the old year to date report and create a new one or to add files to the existing year to date report. When you are unsure how to print a hardcopy of your re- ports, press R. CK will tell you how to print your reports. P will let you print your checks on the printer. When you want to set up or change or look at your cate- 16 Sec. 2 C Getting Started -- The Main Menu gories of income and expenses, press E. When you want to set up or change the list of your various checking accounts, press C. You will be able to chose up to 9 different accounts and will be able to sort each account separately. When you want to add several files together press A. CK which will allow you to add several individual files into one big file, e.g. add three months of checks together to have one file for the whole quarter. When you want to return to the operating system, press X which will and put you back into DOS. WHEN YOU FIRST START THE PROGRAM, you will be automatically taken to the module to set up your expense categories. After returning to the Main Menu, press C to set up your list of checking accounts. Only after you have done this will you press D to enter any data. Only after you have entered your data, will you press S to sort your checks and create your reports. You will be wise to create your reports to disk files and print the files on your printer through your word processor or through the DOS PRINT command or COPY filename LPT1: If you don't have a word processor, get one! 17 NOTES TO SHAREWARE USERS CK QUICK USE OUTLINE The short course in using CK is as follows: 1) copy the disks as outlined above; 2) put the input disk in the A drive or, if you are using a hard disk, go to your hard disk; 3) type A>CK [return] or C:\CK>CK [return] 4) You will be asked what drive you want to use as your data drive. If you are using floppies, say B . If you are using a hard disk, answer with your hard disk drive letter, usually C. 5) press S to Set up your income and expense categories. OR press D and then give the name: SAMPLE 6) when asked, respond with the name of a file to hold your income and expense categories of up to seven (NOT eight) characters --- use your initials or just call it EXP for expenses. 7) enter your income and expense codes in answer to the prompts on screen; 8) when done, return to the main menu; 9) Press C on the main menu, then when the next menu appears, press S to Set up your list of checking accounts. You can have up to 9, e.g. general account, trust account, Bank Of America account, Visa Card, American Express, S & L account, etc. OR press D, and SAMPLE list will appear. 10) Go to the main menu and press D to enter your Data (that's your checks and deposits). When done go back to the Main Menu. 11) Type S on the main menu to go to the sort menu. Select the type of report you want to create and press the menu entry for that kind of report. When the report is completed, print it: a) through your word processer, OR 18 b) A>COPY B:FILENAME.XXX LPT1 [return] [For example: OCT93.CAT] The above Table of Contents gives you an outline of what is in the full CK manual. Users who register with me will get a disk containing the full manual. To register, send me your name and address and $25. If you use CK, I ask you to send me the $25 as part recompense for the many hundreds of hours I have invested in the program. Commercial users, corporations, are also asked to pay the $25 if they use the program. If you haven't registered the program, don't call with questions. If you have registered and you call and I can't take your call, I will return your call collect. David M. Alexander 2600 El Camino Real #506 Palo Alto, CA 94306 415-857-9233 If you like CK, you should consider trying MR. BILL tm, a program I wrote to keep time and prepare full bills/invoices including ageing, chronological reports, management reports, variable billing rates and all the good stuff I needed for a full billing program for my law practice. MR. BILL is also available from the distributor who sent you CK. Take care, David M. Alexander 19